PUBLIC TRACES

A WORKED INVESTIGATION

What does repeated overlap look like?

Start with one reviewer’s history. Follow nearby five-star reviews of the same products. See which reviewers appear again.

Generated example · no real accounts

ONE RESULT, EXPLAINED

Reviewer demo-129
appears in 7 distinct egos.

The search opened 10 reviewer histories and reached 91 reviewers. This reviewer has a corroboration count of 7.

An ego is the local neighborhood around one opened reviewer: people giving five stars to the same products around the same time. Each distinct opened ego adds at most one count to a reviewer, even when several products overlap.

Where the count comes from

Here are 3 supporting egos. Each row shows one shared product and the two five-star review dates, within the selected ±28-day window.

Examples supporting the selected reviewer’s computed corroboration count
Opened reviewerShared productOpened reviewer’s datedemo-129’s dateCount added
demo-18P000042019-04-072019-04-03+1 ego
demo-89P000042019-03-272019-04-03+1 ego
demo-108P000042019-04-062019-04-03+1 ego

These rows are examples from the computed result. The complete ledger below includes the remaining supporting egos and product connections.

FROM A RESULT TO A CONTRIBUTION

What would you share?

An investigation records what was observed and where it came from. See a small excerpt from this same example and how future reviewed contributions would work.

View an example contribution →
Change the search settings 10 histories · cap 10 · ±28 days

The budget limits histories opened. The cap guides which reviewer is opened next; it does not cap the count reported for that reviewer. The time window defines nearby activity.

Inspect the full result Counts, supporting egos, product bursts, and search history
Reviews in the example610Full generated panel; the search opens selected histories.
Histories opened10
Complete product windows9seed egos
Highest corroboration7distinct seed egos

COLLECTION PROGRESS

Each history adds context.

91 reviewers reached
First historyLast opened history

CORROBORATION LEDGER

Inspect the reasons.

Up to 30 reviewers

A count records appearance across distinct opened neighborhoods. Expand a row to see supporting seeds, products, and weeks.

demo-1292 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P0000490
demo-89P0000490
demo-108P0000490
demo-42P0000490
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-423 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P00004111
demo-89P00004111
demo-129P00004111
demo-108P00004111
demo-84P0000027
demo-177P00002-1
demo-47P0000027
demo-1061 products5 egos

5 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 5 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 5

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P0000490
demo-89P0000490
demo-129P0000490
demo-108P0000490
demo-42P0000490
demo-182 products5 egos

5 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 5 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 5

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-25P0002583
demo-89P0000490
demo-129P0000490
demo-108P0000490
demo-42P0000490
demo-1011 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P00000118
demo-84P00000118
demo-177P00000118
demo-47P00000118
demo-1041 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P00000111
demo-84P00000111
demo-177P00000111
demo-47P00000111
demo-1081 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P0000490
demo-89P0000490
demo-129P0000490
demo-42P0000490
demo-1123 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P00004160
demo-42P0000041
demo-42P00002125
demo-42P00002132
demo-84P0000041
demo-47P0000041
demo-1151 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000062
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000062
demo-47P0000097
demo-1161 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-1261 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-84P0000090
demo-177P0000090
demo-47P0000090
demo-1501 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-1602 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-84P0000090
demo-177P0000090
demo-177P00038160
demo-47P0000090
demo-1611 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-129P00000104
demo-84P0000097
demo-84P00000104
demo-177P0000097
demo-177P00000104
demo-47P0000097
demo-47P00000104
demo-1622 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-177P00038160
demo-47P0000097
demo-1681 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-1692 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-129P00000104
demo-84P0000090
demo-84P00000104
demo-177P0000090
demo-177P00000104
demo-177P00038160
demo-47P0000090
demo-47P00000104
demo-1711 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P00000104
demo-84P00000104
demo-177P00000104
demo-47P00000104
demo-1721 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P00000104
demo-84P00000104
demo-177P00000104
demo-47P00000104
demo-1741 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-1772 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-42P0000220
demo-84P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-1791 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000083
demo-84P0000083
demo-177P0000083
demo-47P0000083
demo-1812 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-177P00038174
demo-47P0000097
demo-47P00000153
demo-1971 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-1981 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-2021 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-84P0000090
demo-177P0000090
demo-47P0000090
demo-2151 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-84P0000090
demo-177P0000090
demo-47P0000090
demo-2181 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-84P0000090
demo-177P0000090
demo-47P0000090
demo-241 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000097
demo-84P0000097
demo-177P0000097
demo-47P0000097
demo-331 products4 egos

4 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 4 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 4

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000069
demo-84P0000069
demo-177P0000069
demo-47P0000069

Complete means product windows covered for captured five-star seed reviews. Seed histories may be truncated. Counts are public-trace evidence, not fraud probabilities.

PRODUCT-TIME STRUCTURE

Observed product bursts

ProductReviewsReviewersWindow spanCorroboration mass
P00000212028 days81
P00000171728 days61
P00000131328 days32
P000046628 days32
P000009926 days29
P000389913 days29
P00017151521 days26
P00002131228 days25
P00026141414 days25
P00021131318 days24
P00007161617 days23
P00033171720 days22

Mass sums corroboration counts within an observed cluster. It is not a probability.

Search history

A history with no eligible ego can still be opened. 9 of the 10 opened histories produced eligible egos with complete product-window coverage in this generated example.

StepOpened historyNeighborsReviewers reached
1demo-1867
2demo-2517
3demo-8968
4demo-1294144
5demo-106044
6demo-108645
7demo-423369
8demo-844774
9demo-1774277
10demo-475891

Each example was computed with the paper’s existing Python implementation on generated records, using fixed random seed 42. Choosing settings opens the matching precomputed result. No real accounts are included. Explore the completed Amazon 2023 findings →