THE 2023 RESEARCH REFERENCE
Keep earlier evidence in context.
The research records historical patterns in a defined period. Those patterns are separate from what a new investigation observes today.
Explore the completed archive findings.
The 2023 results explorer shows the paper’s recorded review footprints, category breakdowns, and tested settings. It uses aggregate findings from the completed analysis.
Explore the 2023 findings →What the historical reference represents.
A separate cohort records authors whose five-star reviews appeared together in product bursts, including a subset who recurred across multiple burst products. Membership describes the specified historical structure; it does not establish fraud or current activity.
This public release does not offer exact historical membership checks for individual reviewer accounts. The downloadable investigator collects current observations without that private reference data.
Historical membership does not add to a new investigation’s corroboration count or verify its source observations.
Source archive and related public data
The historical reference was computed in the author’s research using McAuley Lab’s Amazon Reviews 2023 on Hugging Face ↗.
The 2019–2020 public campaign dataset ↗ comes from the team’s earlier PNAS research. Its repository documentation also describes additions from subsequent studies.
Data sources and full research credits →