A WORKED INVESTIGATION

What does repeated overlap look like?

Start with one reviewer’s history. Follow nearby five-star reviews of the same products. See which reviewers appear again.

Generated example · no real accounts

ONE RESULT, EXPLAINED

Reviewer demo-129
appears in 15 distinct egos.

The search opened 20 reviewer histories and reached 127 reviewers. This reviewer has a corroboration count of 15.

An ego is the local neighborhood around one opened reviewer: people giving five stars to the same products around the same time. Each distinct opened ego adds at most one count to a reviewer, even when several products overlap.

Where the count comes from

Here are 3 supporting egos. Each row shows one shared product and the two five-star review dates, within the selected ±28-day window.

Examples supporting the selected reviewer’s computed corroboration count
Opened reviewer	Shared product	Opened reviewer’s date	demo-129’s date	Count added
demo-18	P00004	2019-04-07	2019-04-03	+1 ego
demo-89	P00004	2019-03-27	2019-04-03	+1 ego
demo-108	P00004	2019-04-06	2019-04-03	+1 ego

These rows are examples from the computed result. The complete ledger below includes the remaining supporting egos and product connections.

FROM A RESULT TO A CONTRIBUTION

What would you share?

An investigation records what was observed and where it came from. See a small excerpt from this same example and how future reviewed contributions would work.

View an example contribution →

Change the search settings 20 histories · cap 10 · ±28 days

The budget limits histories opened. The cap guides which reviewer is opened next; it does not cap the count reported for that reviewer. The time window defines nearby activity.

Inspect the full result Counts, supporting egos, product bursts, and search history

Reviews in the example610Full generated panel; the search opens selected histories.

Histories opened20

Complete product windows17seed egos

Highest corroboration15distinct seed egos

COLLECTION PROGRESS

Each history adds context.

127 reviewers reached

CORROBORATION LEDGER

Inspect the reasons.

Up to 30 reviewers

A count records appearance across distinct opened neighborhoods. Expand a row to see supporting seeds, products, and weeks.

demo-1292 products15 egos

15 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 15 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 15

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	90
demo-89	P00004	90
demo-108	P00004	90
demo-42	P00004	90
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1151 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	62
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	62
demo-9	P00000	62
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	62
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	62
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	62
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1261 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-84	P00000	90
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-169	P00000	90
demo-16	P00000	90

demo-1501 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-16110 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	104
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	104
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	104
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	104
demo-179	P00021	13
demo-179	P00042	104
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00017	153
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00023	55
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-160	P00030	76
demo-160	P00033	62
demo-160	P00042	104
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	104
demo-218	P00026	62
demo-218	P00033	62
demo-218	P00042	104
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	104
demo-169	P00021	13
demo-169	P00027	125
demo-16	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	104

demo-1626 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-177	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-179	P00021	20
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-160	P00021	20
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-169	P00021	20
demo-169	P00027	132
demo-169	P00038	160
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1684 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-33	P00005	174
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	153
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1744 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-179	P00021	13
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	139
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-218	P00026	62
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-169	P00021	13
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1773 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-42	P00002	20
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00038	167
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-169	P00038	167
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1812 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-177	P00038	174
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	153
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00038	174
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-169	P00038	174
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1972 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1982 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-169	P00027	132
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-2021 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-84	P00000	90
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-169	P00000	90
demo-16	P00000	90

demo-241 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-33	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-841 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-42	P00000	34
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	34
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-169	P00000	90
demo-16	P00000	90

demo-1161 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-84	P00000	97
demo-177	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-179	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-169	P00000	97
demo-16	P00000	97

demo-1606 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-84	P00000	90
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-177	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-179	P00021	13
demo-179	P00042	111
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-218	P00026	55
demo-218	P00033	62
demo-218	P00042	111
demo-169	P00000	90
demo-169	P00021	13
demo-169	P00038	160
demo-16	P00000	90

demo-1693 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-84	P00000	90
demo-84	P00000	104
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-177	P00000	104
demo-177	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	104
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	104
demo-179	P00021	13
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	104
demo-16	P00000	90
demo-16	P00000	104

demo-1793 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-84	P00000	83
demo-177	P00000	83
demo-47	P00000	83
demo-33	P00000	83
demo-9	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-160	P00021	27
demo-160	P00042	97
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-218	P00000	83
demo-218	P00042	97
demo-169	P00000	83
demo-169	P00021	27
demo-16	P00000	83

demo-1893 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-84	P00000	69
demo-177	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	69
demo-33	P00000	69
demo-9	P00000	69
demo-179	P00000	69
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-160	P00023	62
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-215	P00000	69
demo-218	P00000	69
demo-169	P00000	69
demo-169	P00038	160
demo-16	P00000	69

demo-2152 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-84	P00000	90
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-160	P00026	48
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-218	P00026	48
demo-169	P00000	90
demo-16	P00000	90

demo-2184 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-84	P00000	90
demo-177	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-33	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-179	P00000	90
demo-179	P00042	111
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-160	P00026	55
demo-160	P00033	41
demo-160	P00042	111
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-169	P00000	90
demo-16	P00000	90

demo-331 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	69
demo-84	P00000	69
demo-177	P00000	69
demo-47	P00000	69
demo-9	P00000	69
demo-179	P00000	69
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-215	P00000	69
demo-218	P00000	69
demo-169	P00000	69
demo-16	P00000	69

demo-471 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	111
demo-42	P00000	48
demo-84	P00000	48
demo-84	P00000	111
demo-177	P00000	111
demo-33	P00000	48
demo-9	P00000	48
demo-179	P00000	111
demo-160	P00000	111
demo-215	P00000	111
demo-218	P00000	111
demo-169	P00000	111

demo-821 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-84	P00000	83
demo-177	P00000	83
demo-33	P00000	83
demo-9	P00000	83
demo-179	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-218	P00000	83
demo-169	P00000	83
demo-16	P00000	83

demo-91 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	69
demo-84	P00000	69
demo-177	P00000	69
demo-47	P00000	69
demo-33	P00000	69
demo-179	P00000	69
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-215	P00000	69
demo-218	P00000	69
demo-169	P00000	69
demo-16	P00000	69

demo-12 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00004	160
demo-84	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	132
demo-33	P00000	62
demo-9	P00000	62
demo-179	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-215	P00000	62
demo-169	P00000	132
demo-16	P00000	62

demo-1041 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	111
demo-84	P00000	111
demo-177	P00000	111
demo-47	P00000	111
demo-179	P00000	111
demo-160	P00000	111
demo-215	P00000	111
demo-218	P00000	111
demo-169	P00000	111
demo-16	P00000	111

demo-161 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-84	P00000	83
demo-177	P00000	83
demo-33	P00000	83
demo-9	P00000	83
demo-179	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-218	P00000	83
demo-169	P00000	83

demo-1713 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-84	P00000	104
demo-177	P00000	104
demo-47	P00000	104
demo-179	P00000	104
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00023	48
demo-160	P00026	55
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-218	P00000	104
demo-218	P00026	55
demo-169	P00000	104
demo-16	P00000	104

Complete means product windows covered for captured five-star seed reviews. Seed histories may be truncated. Counts are public-trace evidence, not fraud probabilities.

PRODUCT-TIME STRUCTURE

Observed product bursts

Product	Reviews	Reviewers	Window span	Corroboration mass
P00000	21	20	28 days	213
P00000	17	17	28 days	189
P00026	14	14	14 days	100
P00021	13	13	18 days	98
P00033	17	17	20 days	95
P00007	16	16	17 days	94
P00017	15	15	21 days	91
P00038	9	9	13 days	84
P00000	9	9	26 days	75
P00023	10	10	21 days	70
P00042	8	8	17 days	62
P00027	8	8	15 days	55

Mass sums corroboration counts within an observed cluster. It is not a probability.

Search history

A history with no eligible ego can still be opened. 17 of the 20 opened histories produced eligible egos with complete product-window coverage in this generated example.

Step	Opened history	Neighbors	Reviewers reached
1	demo-18	6	7
2	demo-25	1	7
3	demo-89	6	8
4	demo-129	41	44
5	demo-106	0	44
6	demo-108	6	45
7	demo-42	33	69
8	demo-84	47	74
9	demo-177	42	77
10	demo-47	58	91
11	demo-33	35	93
12	demo-9	43	101
13	demo-179	52	113
14	demo-160	64	121
15	demo-202	0	121
16	demo-215	45	123
17	demo-126	0	123
18	demo-218	54	123
19	demo-169	54	127
20	demo-16	36	127

Each example was computed with the paper’s existing Python implementation on generated records, using fixed random seed 42. Choosing settings opens the matching precomputed result. No real accounts are included. Explore the completed Amazon 2023 findings →

What does repeated overlap look like?

Reviewer demo-129appears in 15 distinct egos.

Where the count comes from

What would you share?

Each history adds context.

Inspect the reasons.

Observed product bursts

Search history

Reviewer demo-129
appears in 15 distinct egos.