A WORKED INVESTIGATION

What does repeated overlap look like?

Start with one reviewer’s history. Follow nearby five-star reviews of the same products. See which reviewers appear again.

Generated example · no real accounts

ONE RESULT, EXPLAINED

Reviewer demo-129
appears in 13 distinct egos.

The search opened 20 reviewer histories and reached 131 reviewers. This reviewer has a corroboration count of 13.

An ego is the local neighborhood around one opened reviewer: people giving five stars to the same products around the same time. Each distinct opened ego adds at most one count to a reviewer, even when several products overlap.

Where the count comes from

Here are 3 supporting egos. Each row shows one shared product and the two five-star review dates, within the selected ±56-day window.

Examples supporting the selected reviewer’s computed corroboration count
Opened reviewer	Shared product	Opened reviewer’s date	demo-129’s date	Count added
demo-18	P00004	2019-04-07	2019-04-03	+1 ego
demo-192	P00004	2019-03-04	2019-04-03	+1 ego
demo-89	P00004	2019-03-27	2019-04-03	+1 ego

These rows are examples from the computed result. The complete ledger below includes the remaining supporting egos and product connections.

FROM A RESULT TO A CONTRIBUTION

What would you share?

An investigation records what was observed and where it came from. See a small excerpt from this same example and how future reviewed contributions would work.

View an example contribution →

Change the search settings 20 histories · cap 10 · ±56 days

The budget limits histories opened. The cap guides which reviewer is opened next; it does not cap the count reported for that reviewer. The time window defines nearby activity.

Inspect the full result Counts, supporting egos, product bursts, and search history

Reviews in the example610Full generated panel; the search opens selected histories.

Histories opened20

Complete product windows17seed egos

Highest corroboration13distinct seed egos

COLLECTION PROGRESS

Each history adds context.

131 reviewers reached

CORROBORATION LEDGER

Inspect the reasons.

Up to 30 reviewers

A count records appearance across distinct opened neighborhoods. Expand a row to see supporting seeds, products, and weeks.

demo-1292 products13 egos

13 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 13 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 13

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	90
demo-192	P00004	90
demo-89	P00004	90
demo-108	P00004	90
demo-42	P00004	90
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-1	P00004	174
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-161	P00000	97

demo-1924 products13 egos

13 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 13 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 13

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	62
demo-89	P00004	62
demo-129	P00004	62
demo-108	P00004	62
demo-42	P00004	62
demo-113	P00004	62
demo-178	P00014	13
demo-178	P00033	55
demo-201	P00033	55
demo-162	P00007	153
demo-218	P00033	55
demo-172	P00033	55
demo-160	P00033	55
demo-161	P00007	153
demo-161	P00033	55

demo-12 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	62
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-129	P00004	160
demo-42	P00000	62
demo-42	P00004	160
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-201	P00000	62
demo-162	P00000	62
demo-162	P00000	132
demo-47	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	132
demo-218	P00000	62
demo-218	P00000	132
demo-172	P00000	62
demo-172	P00000	132
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	132
demo-161	P00000	62
demo-161	P00000	132

demo-1152 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	62
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-42	P00000	62
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00023	97
demo-201	P00000	62
demo-162	P00000	62
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	62
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	62
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	62
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00023	97
demo-161	P00000	62
demo-161	P00000	97
demo-161	P00023	97

demo-1626 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-108	P00021	20
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-201	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-172	P00017	146
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-160	P00021	20
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-161	P00000	97
demo-161	P00007	160
demo-161	P00017	146
demo-161	P00021	20
demo-161	P00027	132

demo-1773 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-42	P00002	20
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-201	P00038	167
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-162	P00038	167
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00038	167
demo-161	P00000	97

demo-1785 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00014	20
demo-192	P00033	55
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-201	P00033	55
demo-162	P00000	132
demo-162	P00017	160
demo-47	P00000	132
demo-1	P00000	132
demo-218	P00000	132
demo-218	P00033	55
demo-172	P00000	132
demo-172	P00017	160
demo-172	P00033	55
demo-160	P00000	132
demo-160	P00017	160
demo-160	P00023	48
demo-160	P00033	55
demo-161	P00000	132
demo-161	P00017	160
demo-161	P00023	48
demo-161	P00033	55

demo-1794 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-108	P00021	27
demo-42	P00002	55
demo-178	P00000	83
demo-162	P00000	83
demo-162	P00021	27
demo-47	P00000	83
demo-1	P00000	83
demo-218	P00000	83
demo-218	P00042	97
demo-172	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-160	P00021	27
demo-160	P00042	97
demo-161	P00000	83
demo-161	P00021	27
demo-161	P00042	97

demo-1812 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-129	P00000	153
demo-113	P00000	153
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	153
demo-201	P00038	174
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-162	P00000	153
demo-162	P00038	174
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	153
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	153
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	153
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00038	174
demo-161	P00000	97
demo-161	P00000	153

demo-1893 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	69
demo-42	P00000	69
demo-178	P00023	62
demo-201	P00000	69
demo-201	P00038	160
demo-162	P00000	69
demo-162	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	69
demo-1	P00000	69
demo-218	P00000	69
demo-172	P00000	69
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-160	P00023	62
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-161	P00000	69
demo-161	P00023	62

demo-2004 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-178	P00023	55
demo-162	P00000	132
demo-162	P00007	153
demo-162	P00027	125
demo-47	P00000	132
demo-1	P00000	132
demo-218	P00000	132
demo-172	P00000	132
demo-160	P00000	132
demo-160	P00023	55
demo-161	P00000	132
demo-161	P00007	153
demo-161	P00023	55
demo-161	P00027	125

demo-2014 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-42	P00000	20
demo-42	P00002	139
demo-113	P00002	139
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-162	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	20
demo-1	P00000	20
demo-218	P00033	48
demo-172	P00033	48
demo-160	P00033	48
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-161	P00033	48

demo-471 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	48
demo-129	P00000	111
demo-42	P00000	48
demo-113	P00000	153
demo-178	P00000	111
demo-178	P00000	153
demo-201	P00000	48
demo-162	P00000	48
demo-162	P00000	111
demo-1	P00000	48
demo-1	P00000	111
demo-1	P00000	153
demo-218	P00000	48
demo-218	P00000	111
demo-172	P00000	48
demo-172	P00000	111
demo-172	P00000	153
demo-160	P00000	48
demo-160	P00000	111
demo-161	P00000	48
demo-161	P00000	111
demo-161	P00000	153

demo-841 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-42	P00000	34
demo-178	P00000	90
demo-201	P00000	34
demo-162	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	34
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-1	P00000	34
demo-1	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	34
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-172	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	34
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-161	P00000	90

demo-92 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	167
demo-129	P00000	69
demo-42	P00000	69
demo-201	P00000	69
demo-162	P00000	69
demo-162	P00007	167
demo-47	P00000	69
demo-1	P00000	69
demo-218	P00000	69
demo-172	P00000	69
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-161	P00000	69
demo-161	P00007	167

demo-01 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	62
demo-42	P00000	62
demo-201	P00000	62
demo-162	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	62
demo-1	P00000	62
demo-218	P00000	62
demo-172	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-161	P00000	62

demo-1123 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00004	160
demo-42	P00000	41
demo-42	P00002	125
demo-42	P00002	132
demo-42	P00004	160
demo-113	P00002	125
demo-113	P00002	132
demo-201	P00000	41
demo-201	P00002	125
demo-201	P00002	132
demo-162	P00000	41
demo-47	P00000	41
demo-1	P00000	41
demo-1	P00004	160
demo-218	P00000	41
demo-160	P00000	41
demo-161	P00000	41

demo-1481 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	139
demo-113	P00000	139
demo-178	P00000	139
demo-162	P00000	139
demo-47	P00000	139
demo-1	P00000	139
demo-218	P00000	139
demo-172	P00000	139
demo-160	P00000	139
demo-161	P00000	139

demo-1512 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	62
demo-129	P00005	104
demo-42	P00000	62
demo-201	P00000	62
demo-162	P00000	62
demo-47	P00000	62
demo-1	P00000	62
demo-218	P00000	62
demo-172	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-161	P00000	62

demo-1591 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-162	P00000	132
demo-47	P00000	132
demo-1	P00000	132
demo-218	P00000	132
demo-172	P00000	132
demo-160	P00000	132
demo-161	P00000	132

demo-161 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-42	P00000	83
demo-178	P00000	83
demo-162	P00000	83
demo-47	P00000	83
demo-1	P00000	83
demo-218	P00000	83
demo-172	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-161	P00000	83

demo-1609 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	62
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-178	P00000	90
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-178	P00023	41
demo-178	P00033	62
demo-201	P00033	62
demo-201	P00038	160
demo-162	P00000	90
demo-162	P00017	146
demo-162	P00021	13
demo-162	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-1	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-218	P00026	55
demo-218	P00033	62
demo-218	P00042	111
demo-172	P00000	90
demo-172	P00017	146
demo-172	P00033	62
demo-161	P00000	90
demo-161	P00017	146
demo-161	P00021	13
demo-161	P00023	41
demo-161	P00026	55
demo-161	P00030	55
demo-161	P00033	62
demo-161	P00042	111

demo-16110 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-192	P00033	62
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00017	153
demo-178	P00023	55
demo-178	P00033	62
demo-201	P00033	62
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-162	P00000	104
demo-162	P00007	160
demo-162	P00017	153
demo-162	P00021	13
demo-162	P00027	125
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-47	P00000	104
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	104
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	104
demo-218	P00026	62
demo-218	P00033	62
demo-218	P00042	104
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	104
demo-172	P00017	153
demo-172	P00033	62
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00017	153
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00023	55
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-160	P00030	76
demo-160	P00033	62
demo-160	P00042	104

demo-1684 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-162	P00007	153
demo-162	P00017	146
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-172	P00017	146
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-161	P00000	97
demo-161	P00007	153
demo-161	P00017	146

demo-1694 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-178	P00000	90
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-201	P00038	160
demo-162	P00000	90
demo-162	P00000	104
demo-162	P00021	13
demo-162	P00027	125
demo-162	P00038	160
demo-47	P00000	90
demo-47	P00000	104
demo-1	P00000	90
demo-1	P00000	104
demo-218	P00000	90
demo-218	P00000	104
demo-172	P00000	90
demo-172	P00000	104
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-161	P00000	90
demo-161	P00000	104
demo-161	P00021	13
demo-161	P00027	125

demo-171 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	125
demo-113	P00000	125
demo-178	P00000	125
demo-162	P00000	125
demo-47	P00000	125
demo-1	P00000	125
demo-218	P00000	125
demo-172	P00000	125
demo-160	P00000	125
demo-161	P00000	125

demo-1723 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-201	P00033	48
demo-162	P00000	104
demo-162	P00017	146
demo-47	P00000	104
demo-1	P00000	104
demo-218	P00000	104
demo-218	P00033	48
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-160	P00033	48
demo-161	P00000	104
demo-161	P00017	146
demo-161	P00033	48

demo-1942 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-162	P00000	132
demo-162	P00017	146
demo-47	P00000	132
demo-1	P00000	132
demo-218	P00000	132
demo-172	P00000	132
demo-172	P00017	146
demo-160	P00000	132
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-161	P00000	132
demo-161	P00017	146

demo-1972 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-162	P00007	160
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-161	P00000	97
demo-161	P00007	160

demo-1983 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-113	P00006	6
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-162	P00000	97
demo-162	P00027	132
demo-47	P00000	97
demo-1	P00000	97
demo-218	P00000	97
demo-172	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-161	P00000	97
demo-161	P00027	132

Complete means product windows covered for captured five-star seed reviews. Seed histories may be truncated. Counts are public-trace evidence, not fraud probabilities.

PRODUCT-TIME STRUCTURE

Observed product bursts

Product	Reviews	Reviewers	Window span	Corroboration mass
P00000	39	36	53 days	363
P00000	20	20	56 days	177
P00033	17	17	20 days	156
P00000	19	19	56 days	137
P00007	16	16	17 days	128
P00017	15	15	21 days	126
P00021	13	13	18 days	107
P00023	11	11	56 days	103
P00026	14	14	14 days	102
P00038	10	10	50 days	98
P00042	8	8	17 days	68
P00014	8	8	20 days	67

Mass sums corroboration counts within an observed cluster. It is not a probability.

Search history

A history with no eligible ego can still be opened. 17 of the 20 opened histories produced eligible egos with complete product-window coverage in this generated example.

Step	Opened history	Neighbors	Reviewers reached
1	demo-18	9	10
2	demo-26	0	10
3	demo-25	4	13
4	demo-192	36	43
5	demo-89	7	43
6	demo-129	61	85
7	demo-106	0	85
8	demo-108	13	88
9	demo-42	56	114
10	demo-110	0	114
11	demo-113	38	118
12	demo-178	70	122
13	demo-201	58	123
14	demo-162	79	126
15	demo-47	68	126
16	demo-1	67	126
17	demo-218	69	129
18	demo-172	66	129
19	demo-160	77	130
20	demo-161	85	131

Each example was computed with the paper’s existing Python implementation on generated records, using fixed random seed 42. Choosing settings opens the matching precomputed result. No real accounts are included. Explore the completed Amazon 2023 findings →

What does repeated overlap look like?

Reviewer demo-129appears in 13 distinct egos.

Where the count comes from

What would you share?

Each history adds context.

Inspect the reasons.

Observed product bursts

Search history

Reviewer demo-129
appears in 13 distinct egos.