A WORKED INVESTIGATION

What does repeated overlap look like?

Start with one reviewer’s history. Follow nearby five-star reviews of the same products. See which reviewers appear again.

Generated example · no real accounts

ONE RESULT, EXPLAINED

Reviewer demo-161
appears in 12 distinct egos.

The search opened 20 reviewer histories and reached 109 reviewers. This reviewer has a corroboration count of 12.

An ego is the local neighborhood around one opened reviewer: people giving five stars to the same products around the same time. Each distinct opened ego adds at most one count to a reviewer, even when several products overlap.

Where the count comes from

Here are 3 supporting egos. Each row shows one shared product and the two five-star review dates, within the selected ±28-day window.

Examples supporting the selected reviewer’s computed corroboration count
Opened reviewer	Shared product	Opened reviewer’s date	demo-161’s date	Count added
demo-129	P00000	2019-04-11	2019-04-10	+1 ego
demo-192	P00007	2019-06-06	2019-06-11	+1 ego
demo-9	P00000	2019-03-17	2019-04-10	+1 ego

These rows are examples from the computed result. The complete ledger below includes the remaining supporting egos and product connections.

FROM A RESULT TO A CONTRIBUTION

What would you share?

An investigation records what was observed and where it came from. See a small excerpt from this same example and how future reviewed contributions would work.

View an example contribution →

Change the search settings 20 histories · cap 3 · ±28 days

The budget limits histories opened. The cap guides which reviewer is opened next; it does not cap the count reported for that reviewer. The time window defines nearby activity.

Inspect the full result Counts, supporting egos, product bursts, and search history

Reviews in the example610Full generated panel; the search opens selected histories.

Histories opened20

Complete product windows17seed egos

Highest corroboration12distinct seed egos

COLLECTION PROGRESS

Each history adds context.

109 reviewers reached

CORROBORATION LEDGER

Inspect the reasons.

Up to 30 reviewers

A count records appearance across distinct opened neighborhoods. Expand a row to see supporting seeds, products, and weeks.

demo-1619 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-192	P00033	62
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00017	153
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00023	55
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-160	P00030	76
demo-160	P00033	62
demo-160	P00042	104
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	104
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-167	P00023	55
demo-167	P00033	62
demo-167	P00042	104
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00017	153
demo-178	P00023	55
demo-178	P00033	62
demo-23	P00000	97
demo-23	P00000	104
demo-180	P00007	160
demo-187	P00021	13
demo-187	P00023	55
demo-187	P00030	76
demo-164	P00021	13
demo-164	P00026	62

demo-1625 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-160	P00021	20
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-23	P00000	97
demo-180	P00007	160
demo-187	P00021	20
demo-164	P00021	20

demo-1608 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-192	P00033	62
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-151	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-96	P00000	90
demo-167	P00023	41
demo-167	P00033	62
demo-167	P00042	111
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-178	P00023	41
demo-178	P00033	62
demo-187	P00021	13
demo-187	P00023	41
demo-187	P00030	55
demo-164	P00021	13
demo-164	P00026	55

demo-1684 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	153
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-23	P00000	97
demo-180	P00007	153

demo-2184 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-192	P00033	41
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-160	P00026	55
demo-160	P00033	41
demo-160	P00042	111
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-96	P00000	90
demo-167	P00033	41
demo-167	P00042	111
demo-178	P00033	41
demo-23	P00000	90
demo-164	P00026	55

demo-1293 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	90
demo-89	P00004	90
demo-108	P00004	90
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-151	P00005	83
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-23	P00000	97

demo-1639 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-192	P00033	55
demo-9	P00007	153
demo-160	P00017	160
demo-160	P00021	20
demo-160	P00023	41
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-160	P00030	76
demo-160	P00033	55
demo-160	P00042	97
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-167	P00023	41
demo-167	P00033	55
demo-167	P00042	97
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00017	160
demo-178	P00023	41
demo-178	P00033	55
demo-180	P00007	153
demo-187	P00021	20
demo-187	P00023	41
demo-187	P00030	76
demo-164	P00021	20
demo-164	P00026	62

demo-1693 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-96	P00000	90
demo-96	P00000	104
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-23	P00000	90
demo-23	P00000	104
demo-187	P00021	13
demo-164	P00021	13

demo-1713 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00023	48
demo-160	P00026	55
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-96	P00000	104
demo-167	P00023	48
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00023	48
demo-23	P00000	104
demo-187	P00023	48
demo-164	P00026	55

demo-1744 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00017	139
demo-160	P00021	13
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-178	P00017	139
demo-23	P00000	97
demo-187	P00021	13
demo-164	P00021	13
demo-164	P00026	62

demo-1794 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-9	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-160	P00021	27
demo-160	P00042	97
demo-151	P00000	83
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-96	P00000	83
demo-167	P00002	55
demo-167	P00042	97
demo-187	P00021	27
demo-164	P00021	27

demo-1972 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-23	P00000	97
demo-180	P00007	160

demo-2003 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-9	P00007	153
demo-160	P00023	55
demo-96	P00000	132
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-167	P00023	55
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-178	P00023	55
demo-23	P00000	132
demo-180	P00007	153
demo-187	P00023	55

demo-1664 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-192	P00033	55
demo-9	P00007	160
demo-160	P00026	55
demo-160	P00033	55
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-167	P00033	55
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00033	55
demo-180	P00007	160
demo-164	P00026	55

demo-1723 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-160	P00000	104
demo-160	P00017	146
demo-160	P00033	48
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-96	P00000	104
demo-167	P00033	48
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-23	P00000	104

demo-2093 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-9	P00007	153
demo-160	P00026	62
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-180	P00007	153
demo-164	P00026	62

demo-471 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	111
demo-9	P00000	48
demo-160	P00000	111
demo-151	P00000	48
demo-215	P00000	111
demo-96	P00000	111
demo-178	P00000	111
demo-178	P00000	153
demo-23	P00000	111

demo-12 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00004	160
demo-9	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-151	P00000	62
demo-215	P00000	62
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-23	P00000	132

demo-1151 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	62
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	62
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-151	P00000	62
demo-215	P00000	62
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-23	P00000	97

demo-1773 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00038	167
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-167	P00002	20
demo-23	P00000	97

demo-1812 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-160	P00038	174
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	153
demo-23	P00000	97

demo-1893 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-9	P00000	69
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-160	P00023	62
demo-160	P00038	160
demo-151	P00000	69
demo-215	P00000	69
demo-167	P00023	62
demo-178	P00023	62
demo-187	P00023	62

demo-92 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	69
demo-192	P00007	167
demo-160	P00000	69
demo-151	P00000	69
demo-215	P00000	69
demo-167	P00007	167
demo-180	P00007	167

demo-1011 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	118
demo-160	P00000	118
demo-215	P00000	118
demo-96	P00000	118
demo-178	P00000	118
demo-23	P00000	118

demo-1041 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	111
demo-160	P00000	111
demo-215	P00000	111
demo-96	P00000	111
demo-178	P00000	111
demo-23	P00000	111

demo-1161 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-23	P00000	97

demo-1261 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-9	P00000	90
demo-160	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-96	P00000	90
demo-23	P00000	90

demo-1501 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-9	P00000	97
demo-160	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-96	P00000	97
demo-23	P00000	97

demo-161 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-9	P00000	83
demo-160	P00000	83
demo-151	P00000	83
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-96	P00000	83

demo-1654 products6 egos

6 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 6 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 6

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-160	P00021	20
demo-160	P00030	69
demo-160	P00033	48
demo-167	P00033	48
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-187	P00021	20
demo-187	P00030	69
demo-164	P00021	20

Complete means product windows covered for captured five-star seed reviews. Seed histories may be truncated. Counts are public-trace evidence, not fraud probabilities.

PRODUCT-TIME STRUCTURE

Observed product bursts

Product	Reviews	Reviewers	Window span	Corroboration mass
P00000	21	20	28 days	146
P00007	16	16	17 days	117
P00000	17	17	28 days	117
P00033	17	17	20 days	114
P00021	13	13	18 days	98
P00017	15	15	21 days	97
P00026	14	14	14 days	96
P00023	10	10	21 days	75
P00038	9	9	13 days	63
P00042	8	8	17 days	62
P00014	8	8	20 days	54
P00000	14	14	26 days	53

Mass sums corroboration counts within an observed cluster. It is not a probability.

Search history

A history with no eligible ego can still be opened. 17 of the 20 opened histories produced eligible egos with complete product-window coverage in this generated example.

Step	Opened history	Neighbors	Reviewers reached
1	demo-18	6	7
2	demo-25	1	7
3	demo-89	6	8
4	demo-129	41	44
5	demo-106	0	44
6	demo-108	6	45
7	demo-192	29	65
8	demo-9	43	70
9	demo-160	64	83
10	demo-151	22	88
11	demo-202	0	88
12	demo-215	45	90
13	demo-96	31	90
14	demo-167	37	94
15	demo-178	47	102
16	demo-23	38	107
17	demo-180	17	109
18	demo-187	20	109
19	demo-164	21	109
20	demo-176	0	109

Each example was computed with the paper’s existing Python implementation on generated records, using fixed random seed 42. Choosing settings opens the matching precomputed result. No real accounts are included. Explore the completed Amazon 2023 findings →

What does repeated overlap look like?

Reviewer demo-161appears in 12 distinct egos.

Where the count comes from

What would you share?

Each history adds context.

Inspect the reasons.

Observed product bursts

Search history

Reviewer demo-161
appears in 12 distinct egos.