PUBLIC TRACES

A WORKED INVESTIGATION

What does repeated overlap look like?

Start with one reviewer’s history. Follow nearby five-star reviews of the same products. See which reviewers appear again.

Generated example · no real accounts

ONE RESULT, EXPLAINED

Reviewer demo-192
appears in 14 distinct egos.

The search opened 20 reviewer histories and reached 146 reviewers. This reviewer has a corroboration count of 14.

An ego is the local neighborhood around one opened reviewer: people giving five stars to the same products around the same time. Each distinct opened ego adds at most one count to a reviewer, even when several products overlap.

Where the count comes from

Here are 3 supporting egos. Each row shows one shared product and the two five-star review dates, within the selected ±56-day window.

Examples supporting the selected reviewer’s computed corroboration count
Opened reviewerShared productOpened reviewer’s datedemo-192’s dateCount added
demo-18P000042019-04-072019-03-04+1 ego
demo-89P000042019-03-272019-03-04+1 ego
demo-129P000042019-04-032019-03-04+1 ego

These rows are examples from the computed result. The complete ledger below includes the remaining supporting egos and product connections.

FROM A RESULT TO A CONTRIBUTION

What would you share?

An investigation records what was observed and where it came from. See a small excerpt from this same example and how future reviewed contributions would work.

View an example contribution →
Change the search settings 20 histories · cap 5 · ±56 days

The budget limits histories opened. The cap guides which reviewer is opened next; it does not cap the count reported for that reviewer. The time window defines nearby activity.

Inspect the full result Counts, supporting egos, product bursts, and search history
Reviews in the example610Full generated panel; the search opens selected histories.
Histories opened20
Complete product windows17seed egos
Highest corroboration14distinct seed egos

COLLECTION PROGRESS

Each history adds context.

146 reviewers reached
First historyLast opened history

CORROBORATION LEDGER

Inspect the reasons.

Up to 30 reviewers

A count records appearance across distinct opened neighborhoods. Expand a row to see supporting seeds, products, and weeks.

demo-1924 products14 egos

14 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 14 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 14

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P0000462
demo-89P0000462
demo-129P0000462
demo-108P0000462
demo-42P0000462
demo-113P0000462
demo-178P0001413
demo-178P0003355
demo-201P0003355
demo-162P00007153
demo-165P0001413
demo-165P0003355
demo-163P00007153
demo-163P0001413
demo-163P0003355
demo-117P0001413
demo-43P0001413
demo-195P0003355
demo-1785 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0001420
demo-192P0003355
demo-129P00000132
demo-113P00000132
demo-201P0003355
demo-162P00000132
demo-162P00017160
demo-165P0001420
demo-165P0003355
demo-163P0001420
demo-163P00017160
demo-163P0002348
demo-163P0003355
demo-215P00000132
demo-117P0001420
demo-43P0001420
demo-195P0003355
demo-1664 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007160
demo-192P0001427
demo-192P0003355
demo-178P0001427
demo-178P0003355
demo-201P0003355
demo-162P00007160
demo-165P0001427
demo-165P0003355
demo-163P00007160
demo-163P0001427
demo-163P0002655
demo-163P0003355
demo-215P0002655
demo-117P0001427
demo-43P0001427
demo-195P0003355
demo-1293 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P0000490
demo-192P0000490
demo-89P0000490
demo-108P0000490
demo-42P0000490
demo-178P0000097
demo-162P0000097
demo-215P0000097
demo-117P00035167
demo-1609 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003362
demo-129P0000090
demo-178P0000090
demo-178P00017146
demo-178P0002341
demo-178P0003362
demo-201P0003362
demo-201P00038160
demo-162P0000090
demo-162P00017146
demo-162P0002113
demo-162P00038160
demo-165P0002113
demo-165P0003055
demo-165P0003362
demo-163P00017146
demo-163P0002113
demo-163P0002341
demo-163P0002655
demo-163P0003055
demo-163P0003362
demo-163P00042111
demo-215P0000090
demo-215P0002655
demo-195P0003362
demo-195P00042111
demo-16110 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007160
demo-192P0003362
demo-129P0000097
demo-129P00000104
demo-178P0000097
demo-178P00000104
demo-178P00017153
demo-178P0002355
demo-178P0003362
demo-201P0003362
demo-162P0000097
demo-162P00000104
demo-162P00007160
demo-162P00017153
demo-162P0002113
demo-162P00027125
demo-165P0002113
demo-165P0003076
demo-165P0003362
demo-163P00007160
demo-163P00017153
demo-163P0002113
demo-163P0002355
demo-163P0002662
demo-163P0003076
demo-163P0003362
demo-163P00042104
demo-215P0000097
demo-215P00000104
demo-215P0002662
demo-195P0003362
demo-195P00042104
demo-1639 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007153
demo-192P0001427
demo-192P0003355
demo-178P0001427
demo-178P00017160
demo-178P0002341
demo-178P0003355
demo-201P0003355
demo-162P00007153
demo-162P00017160
demo-162P0002120
demo-165P0001427
demo-165P0002120
demo-165P0003076
demo-165P0003355
demo-215P0002662
demo-117P0001427
demo-43P0001427
demo-195P0003355
demo-195P0004297
demo-1654 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0001427
demo-192P0003348
demo-108P0002120
demo-178P0001427
demo-178P0003348
demo-201P0003348
demo-162P0002120
demo-163P0001427
demo-163P0002120
demo-163P0003069
demo-163P0003348
demo-117P0001427
demo-43P0001427
demo-195P0003348
demo-1684 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007153
demo-192P0001427
demo-129P0000097
demo-178P0000097
demo-178P0001427
demo-178P00017146
demo-162P0000097
demo-162P00007153
demo-162P00017146
demo-165P0001427
demo-163P00007153
demo-163P0001427
demo-163P00017146
demo-215P0000097
demo-117P0001427
demo-43P0001427
demo-1723 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003348
demo-129P00000104
demo-178P00000104
demo-178P00017146
demo-178P0003348
demo-201P0003348
demo-162P00000104
demo-162P00017146
demo-165P0003348
demo-163P00017146
demo-163P0003348
demo-215P00000104
demo-195P0003348
demo-1794 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000083
demo-108P0002127
demo-42P0000255
demo-178P0000083
demo-162P0000083
demo-162P0002127
demo-165P0002127
demo-163P0002127
demo-163P0004297
demo-215P0000083
demo-195P0004297
demo-2184 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003341
demo-129P0000090
demo-178P0000090
demo-178P0003341
demo-201P0003341
demo-162P0000090
demo-165P0003341
demo-163P0002655
demo-163P0003341
demo-163P00042111
demo-215P0000090
demo-215P0002655
demo-195P0003341
demo-195P00042111
demo-1625 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007160
demo-129P0000097
demo-108P0002120
demo-178P0000097
demo-178P00017146
demo-201P00038160
demo-165P0002120
demo-163P00007160
demo-163P00017146
demo-163P0002120
demo-215P0000097
demo-1675 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007160
demo-192P0003348
demo-42P0000227
demo-178P0002355
demo-178P0003348
demo-201P0003348
demo-162P00007160
demo-165P0003348
demo-163P00007160
demo-163P0002355
demo-163P0003348
demo-163P00042104
demo-195P0003348
demo-195P00042104
demo-2014 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003348
demo-42P0000020
demo-42P00002139
demo-113P00002139
demo-178P0003348
demo-162P00038160
demo-165P0003348
demo-163P0003348
demo-195P0003348
demo-2093 products8 egos

8 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 8 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 8

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007153
demo-192P0001427
demo-178P0001427
demo-162P00007153
demo-165P0001427
demo-163P00007153
demo-163P0001427
demo-163P0002662
demo-215P0002662
demo-117P0001427
demo-43P0001427
demo-12 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000062
demo-129P00000132
demo-129P00004160
demo-42P0000062
demo-42P00004160
demo-113P00000132
demo-178P00000132
demo-201P0000062
demo-162P0000062
demo-162P00000132
demo-215P0000062
demo-215P00000132
demo-1082 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P0000490
demo-192P0000490
demo-89P0000490
demo-129P0000490
demo-42P0000490
demo-162P0002176
demo-165P0002176
demo-1152 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000062
demo-129P0000097
demo-42P0000062
demo-178P0000097
demo-178P0002397
demo-201P0000062
demo-162P0000062
demo-162P0000097
demo-163P0002397
demo-215P0000062
demo-215P0000097
demo-1694 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000090
demo-129P00000104
demo-178P0000090
demo-178P00000104
demo-201P00038160
demo-162P0000090
demo-162P00000104
demo-162P0002113
demo-162P00027125
demo-162P00038160
demo-165P0002113
demo-163P0002113
demo-215P0000090
demo-215P00000104
demo-1843 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003348
demo-178P0003348
demo-201P0003348
demo-162P0002120
demo-165P00001125
demo-165P0002120
demo-165P0003348
demo-163P0002120
demo-163P0003348
demo-195P0003348
demo-1852 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003362
demo-178P00017160
demo-178P0003362
demo-201P0003362
demo-162P00017160
demo-165P0003362
demo-163P00017160
demo-163P0003362
demo-195P0003362
demo-1893 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000069
demo-42P0000069
demo-178P0002362
demo-201P0000069
demo-201P00038160
demo-162P0000069
demo-162P00038160
demo-163P0002362
demo-215P0000069
demo-1902 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007153
demo-192P0003362
demo-178P0003362
demo-201P0003362
demo-162P00007153
demo-165P0003362
demo-163P00007153
demo-163P0003362
demo-195P0003362
demo-1962 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003355
demo-178P00017146
demo-178P0003355
demo-201P0003355
demo-162P00017146
demo-165P0003355
demo-163P00017146
demo-163P0003355
demo-195P0003355
demo-2004 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P00007153
demo-129P00000132
demo-113P00000132
demo-178P00000132
demo-178P0002355
demo-162P00000132
demo-162P00007153
demo-162P00027125
demo-163P00007153
demo-163P0002355
demo-215P00000132
demo-2072 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-192P0003348
demo-178P0003348
demo-201P0003348
demo-162P0002120
demo-165P0002120
demo-165P0003348
demo-163P0002120
demo-163P0003348
demo-195P0003348
demo-2082 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000069
demo-42P0000069
demo-201P0000069
demo-162P0000069
demo-165P0003076
demo-163P0003076
demo-215P0000069
demo-423 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-18P00004111
demo-192P00004111
demo-89P00004111
demo-129P00004111
demo-108P00004111
demo-113P00002111
demo-201P0000027
demo-201P00002111
demo-471 products7 egos

7 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 7 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 7

Source seedProductWeek (day index)
demo-129P0000048
demo-129P00000111
demo-42P0000048
demo-113P00000153
demo-178P00000111
demo-178P00000153
demo-201P0000048
demo-162P0000048
demo-162P00000111
demo-215P0000048
demo-215P00000111

Complete means product windows covered for captured five-star seed reviews. Seed histories may be truncated. Counts are public-trace evidence, not fraud probabilities.

PRODUCT-TIME STRUCTURE

Observed product bursts

ProductReviewsReviewersWindow spanCorroboration mass
P00000393653 days224
P00033171720 days145
P00007161617 days116
P00017151521 days104
P00000202056 days103
P00021131318 days93
P00026141414 days87
P00000191956 days85
P00023111156 days82
P000148820 days74
P00038101050 days65
P000428817 days60

Mass sums corroboration counts within an observed cluster. It is not a probability.

Search history

A history with no eligible ego can still be opened. 17 of the 20 opened histories produced eligible egos with complete product-window coverage in this generated example.

StepOpened historyNeighborsReviewers reached
1demo-18910
2demo-26010
3demo-25413
4demo-1923643
5demo-89743
6demo-1296185
7demo-106085
8demo-1081388
9demo-4256114
10demo-1100114
11demo-11338118
12demo-17870122
13demo-20158123
14demo-16279126
15demo-16540133
16demo-16352137
17demo-21561137
18demo-11726146
19demo-4311146
20demo-19518146

Each example was computed with the paper’s existing Python implementation on generated records, using fixed random seed 42. Choosing settings opens the matching precomputed result. No real accounts are included. Explore the completed Amazon 2023 findings →