A WORKED INVESTIGATION

What does repeated overlap look like?

Start with one reviewer’s history. Follow nearby five-star reviews of the same products. See which reviewers appear again.

Generated example · no real accounts

ONE RESULT, EXPLAINED

Reviewer demo-161
appears in 15 distinct egos.

The search opened 50 reviewer histories and reached 169 reviewers. This reviewer has a corroboration count of 15.

An ego is the local neighborhood around one opened reviewer: people giving five stars to the same products around the same time. Each distinct opened ego adds at most one count to a reviewer, even when several products overlap.

Where the count comes from

Here are 3 supporting egos. Each row shows one shared product and the two five-star review dates, within the selected ±56-day window.

Examples supporting the selected reviewer’s computed corroboration count
Opened reviewer	Shared product	Opened reviewer’s date	demo-161’s date	Count added
demo-192	P00007	2019-06-06	2019-06-11	+1 ego
demo-129	P00000	2019-04-11	2019-04-10	+1 ego
demo-215	P00000	2019-04-04	2019-04-10	+1 ego

These rows are examples from the computed result. The complete ledger below includes the remaining supporting egos and product connections.

FROM A RESULT TO A CONTRIBUTION

What would you share?

An investigation records what was observed and where it came from. See a small excerpt from this same example and how future reviewed contributions would work.

View an example contribution →

Change the search settings 50 histories · cap 3 · ±56 days

The budget limits histories opened. The cap guides which reviewer is opened next; it does not cap the count reported for that reviewer. The time window defines nearby activity.

Inspect the full result Counts, supporting egos, product bursts, and search history

Reviews in the example610Full generated panel; the search opens selected histories.

Histories opened50

Complete product windows35seed egos

Highest corroboration15distinct seed egos

COLLECTION PROGRESS

Each history adds context.

169 reviewers reached

CORROBORATION LEDGER

Inspect the reasons.

Up to 30 reviewers

A count records appearance across distinct opened neighborhoods. Expand a row to see supporting seeds, products, and weeks.

demo-1619 products15 egos

15 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 15 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 15

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-192	P00033	62
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00017	153
demo-178	P00023	55
demo-178	P00033	62
demo-209	P00007	160
demo-209	P00026	62
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-167	P00023	55
demo-167	P00033	62
demo-167	P00042	104
demo-207	P00021	13
demo-207	P00033	62
demo-34	P00007	160
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-151	P00000	104
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	104
demo-208	P00030	76
demo-139	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	104
demo-216	P00017	153
demo-216	P00026	62
demo-175	P00026	62
demo-188	P00017	153
demo-188	P00030	76
demo-157	P00030	76

demo-1625 products14 egos

14 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 14 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 14

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-209	P00007	160
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-207	P00021	20
demo-34	P00007	160
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	97
demo-216	P00017	146
demo-175	P00038	160
demo-188	P00017	146

demo-1639 products14 egos

14 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 14 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 14

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-192	P00033	55
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00017	160
demo-178	P00023	41
demo-178	P00033	55
demo-209	P00007	153
demo-209	P00014	27
demo-209	P00026	62
demo-186	P00014	27
demo-43	P00014	27
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-167	P00023	41
demo-167	P00033	55
demo-167	P00042	97
demo-207	P00021	20
demo-207	P00033	55
demo-34	P00007	153
demo-208	P00030	76
demo-216	P00017	160
demo-216	P00026	62
demo-175	P00026	62
demo-188	P00017	160
demo-188	P00030	76
demo-157	P00030	76

demo-1685 products14 egos

14 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 14 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 14

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-209	P00007	153
demo-209	P00014	27
demo-186	P00014	27
demo-43	P00014	27
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-34	P00007	153
demo-49	P00005	174
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-216	P00017	146
demo-188	P00017	146

demo-1785 products13 egos

13 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 13 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 13

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00014	20
demo-192	P00033	55
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-215	P00000	132
demo-209	P00014	20
demo-186	P00014	20
demo-43	P00014	20
demo-167	P00023	48
demo-167	P00033	55
demo-207	P00033	55
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-139	P00000	132
demo-216	P00017	160
demo-158	P00000	132
demo-188	P00017	160

demo-423 products13 egos

13 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 13 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 13

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	111
demo-192	P00004	111
demo-89	P00004	111
demo-129	P00004	111
demo-167	P00002	-1
demo-113	P00002	111
demo-49	P00000	27
demo-151	P00000	27
demo-208	P00000	27
demo-65	P00000	27
demo-65	P00002	111
demo-35	P00002	111
demo-142	P00002	111
demo-127	P00002	111

demo-1609 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	62
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-178	P00000	90
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-178	P00023	41
demo-178	P00033	62
demo-209	P00026	55
demo-167	P00023	41
demo-167	P00033	62
demo-167	P00042	111
demo-207	P00021	13
demo-207	P00033	62
demo-151	P00000	90
demo-208	P00000	90
demo-208	P00030	55
demo-216	P00017	146
demo-216	P00026	55
demo-175	P00026	55
demo-175	P00038	160
demo-188	P00017	146
demo-188	P00030	55

demo-1655 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-209	P00014	27
demo-186	P00014	27
demo-43	P00014	27
demo-167	P00033	48
demo-207	P00021	20
demo-207	P00033	48
demo-208	P00030	69
demo-188	P00030	69
demo-118	P00001	167
demo-88	P00001	167
demo-99	P00001	167

demo-2014 products12 egos

12 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 12 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 12

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-167	P00033	48
demo-207	P00033	48
demo-113	P00002	139
demo-49	P00000	20
demo-151	P00000	20
demo-208	P00000	20
demo-175	P00038	160
demo-65	P00000	20
demo-65	P00002	139
demo-35	P00002	139
demo-142	P00002	139

demo-1664 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-192	P00014	27
demo-192	P00033	55
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-178	P00014	27
demo-178	P00033	55
demo-209	P00007	160
demo-209	P00014	27
demo-209	P00026	55
demo-186	P00014	27
demo-43	P00014	27
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-167	P00033	55
demo-207	P00033	55
demo-34	P00007	160
demo-216	P00026	55
demo-175	P00026	55

demo-1723 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	48
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00017	146
demo-178	P00033	48
demo-167	P00033	48
demo-207	P00033	48
demo-151	P00000	104
demo-208	P00000	104
demo-139	P00000	104
demo-216	P00017	146
demo-188	P00017	146

demo-1744 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-215	P00026	62
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00017	139
demo-209	P00026	62
demo-207	P00021	13
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	97
demo-216	P00017	139
demo-216	P00026	62
demo-175	P00026	62
demo-188	P00017	139

demo-1924 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	62
demo-89	P00004	62
demo-129	P00004	62
demo-178	P00014	13
demo-178	P00033	55
demo-209	P00007	153
demo-209	P00014	13
demo-186	P00014	13
demo-43	P00014	13
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-167	P00033	55
demo-207	P00033	55
demo-113	P00004	62
demo-34	P00007	153

demo-2184 products11 egos

11 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 11 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 11

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00033	41
demo-129	P00000	90
demo-215	P00000	90
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-178	P00000	90
demo-178	P00033	41
demo-209	P00026	55
demo-167	P00033	41
demo-167	P00042	111
demo-207	P00033	41
demo-151	P00000	90
demo-208	P00000	90
demo-216	P00026	55
demo-175	P00026	55

demo-1123 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00004	160
demo-215	P00000	41
demo-113	P00002	125
demo-113	P00002	132
demo-49	P00000	41
demo-151	P00000	41
demo-208	P00000	41
demo-65	P00000	41
demo-65	P00002	125
demo-65	P00002	132
demo-35	P00002	125
demo-35	P00002	132
demo-142	P00002	125
demo-142	P00002	132
demo-127	P00002	125

demo-1313 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-49	P00005	160
demo-151	P00005	160
demo-139	P00001	104
demo-158	P00001	104
demo-118	P00001	104
demo-157	P00003	139
demo-95	P00003	139
demo-76	P00003	139
demo-88	P00001	104
demo-99	P00001	104

demo-1492 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-113	P00002	125
demo-139	P00001	97
demo-158	P00001	97
demo-118	P00001	97
demo-65	P00002	125
demo-35	P00002	125
demo-142	P00002	125
demo-127	P00002	125
demo-88	P00001	97
demo-99	P00001	97

demo-1713 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	104
demo-215	P00000	104
demo-215	P00026	55
demo-178	P00000	104
demo-178	P00023	48
demo-209	P00026	55
demo-167	P00023	48
demo-151	P00000	104
demo-208	P00000	104
demo-139	P00000	104
demo-216	P00026	55
demo-175	P00026	55

demo-1972 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	160
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-209	P00007	160
demo-167	P00007	160
demo-34	P00007	160
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	97

demo-2003 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00007	153
demo-129	P00000	132
demo-215	P00000	132
demo-178	P00000	132
demo-178	P00023	55
demo-209	P00007	153
demo-167	P00007	153
demo-167	P00023	55
demo-113	P00000	132
demo-34	P00007	153
demo-139	P00000	132
demo-158	P00000	132

demo-242 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-34	P00001	13
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	97
demo-158	P00001	13
demo-45	P00001	13
demo-157	P00001	13

demo-471 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	48
demo-129	P00000	111
demo-215	P00000	48
demo-215	P00000	111
demo-178	P00000	111
demo-178	P00000	153
demo-113	P00000	153
demo-49	P00000	48
demo-151	P00000	48
demo-151	P00000	111
demo-208	P00000	48
demo-208	P00000	111
demo-139	P00000	111
demo-139	P00000	153
demo-158	P00000	111
demo-158	P00000	153
demo-65	P00000	48

demo-822 products10 egos

10 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 10 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 10

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-178	P00000	83
demo-34	P00001	34
demo-151	P00000	83
demo-208	P00000	83
demo-139	P00001	34
demo-158	P00001	34
demo-45	P00001	34
demo-157	P00001	34

demo-1032 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-167	P00002	76
demo-113	P00002	125
demo-49	P00000	34
demo-151	P00000	34
demo-208	P00000	34
demo-65	P00000	34
demo-65	P00002	76
demo-65	P00002	125
demo-35	P00002	76
demo-35	P00002	125
demo-142	P00002	76
demo-142	P00002	125
demo-127	P00002	76
demo-127	P00002	125

demo-1134 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00004	34
demo-89	P00004	34
demo-178	P00000	174
demo-49	P00006	6
demo-139	P00000	174
demo-158	P00000	174
demo-65	P00002	139
demo-35	P00002	139
demo-95	P00006	6

demo-1173 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-192	P00014	69
demo-129	P00035	174
demo-178	P00014	69
demo-209	P00014	69
demo-43	P00014	69
demo-34	P00001	13
demo-158	P00001	13
demo-45	P00001	13
demo-157	P00001	13

demo-1293 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-18	P00004	90
demo-192	P00004	90
demo-89	P00004	90
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-49	P00005	83
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-151	P00005	83
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	97

demo-1773 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-167	P00002	20
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	97
demo-175	P00038	167
demo-127	P00002	20

demo-1794 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	83
demo-215	P00000	83
demo-178	P00000	83
demo-167	P00002	55
demo-167	P00042	97
demo-207	P00021	27
demo-151	P00000	83
demo-208	P00000	83
demo-142	P00002	55
demo-127	P00002	55

demo-1812 products9 egos

9 distinct product-window-complete seed egos; 9 observed seed egos.

Observed count, including incomplete coverage: 9

Source seed	Product	Week (day index)
demo-129	P00000	97
demo-129	P00000	153
demo-215	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	97
demo-178	P00000	153
demo-113	P00000	153
demo-151	P00000	97
demo-208	P00000	97
demo-139	P00000	153
demo-175	P00038	174
demo-158	P00000	153

Complete means product windows covered for captured five-star seed reviews. Seed histories may be truncated. Counts are public-trace evidence, not fraud probabilities.

PRODUCT-TIME STRUCTURE

Observed product bursts

Product	Reviews	Reviewers	Window span	Corroboration mass
P00000	39	36	53 days	302
P00033	17	17	20 days	162
P00000	20	20	56 days	155
P00007	16	16	17 days	150
P00000	19	19	56 days	139
P00017	15	15	21 days	138
P00026	14	14	14 days	122
P00021	13	13	18 days	117
P00023	11	11	56 days	106
P00014	8	8	20 days	88
P00038	10	10	50 days	86
P00001	12	12	56 days	85

Mass sums corroboration counts within an observed cluster. It is not a probability.

Search history

A history with no eligible ego can still be opened. 35 of the 50 opened histories produced eligible egos with complete product-window coverage in this generated example.

Step	Opened history	Neighbors	Reviewers reached
1	demo-18	9	10
2	demo-26	0	10
3	demo-25	4	13
4	demo-192	36	43
5	demo-89	7	43
6	demo-129	61	85
7	demo-110	0	85
8	demo-215	61	90
9	demo-178	70	100
10	demo-209	30	100
11	demo-186	12	105
12	demo-43	11	107
13	demo-167	45	118
14	demo-207	23	119
15	demo-113	38	128
16	demo-34	26	134
17	demo-49	34	145
18	demo-151	56	145
19	demo-0	0	145
20	demo-56	0	145
21	demo-208	53	146
22	demo-139	55	153
23	demo-216	23	153
24	demo-175	21	153
25	demo-158	42	153
26	demo-188	19	153
27	demo-204	0	153
28	demo-173	0	153
29	demo-118	21	154
30	demo-65	32	154
31	demo-45	21	156
32	demo-35	18	156
33	demo-93	0	156
34	demo-142	21	158
35	demo-122	0	158
36	demo-127	17	158
37	demo-91	0	158
38	demo-157	23	164
39	demo-95	17	165
40	demo-57	0	165
41	demo-76	14	165
42	demo-36	0	165
43	demo-88	20	165
44	demo-44	7	166
45	demo-99	16	168
46	demo-100	10	169
47	demo-39	0	169
48	demo-199	0	169
49	demo-75	0	169
50	demo-154	0	169

Each example was computed with the paper’s existing Python implementation on generated records, using fixed random seed 42. Choosing settings opens the matching precomputed result. No real accounts are included. Explore the completed Amazon 2023 findings →

What does repeated overlap look like?

Reviewer demo-161appears in 15 distinct egos.

Where the count comes from

What would you share?

Each history adds context.

Inspect the reasons.

Observed product bursts

Search history

Reviewer demo-161
appears in 15 distinct egos.